Norway’s highest court upholds state funding for Jehovah’s Witnesses
A controversial 3–2 ruling will revive taxpayer support for the religion despite documented concerns about how they shun those who leave the fold
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The Supreme Court of Norway has, unfortunately, upheld a ruling that the Jehovah’s Witnesses are entitled to taxpayer-funded subsidies by the government and the ability to perform legal marriages. A lower court had rescinded the JW’s “religious community” status years ago—a major victory for those who see it as a cult—but an appellate ruling and now this Supreme Court decision have restored the Witnesses to the level of all other religions despite their extreme practices.
Norway’s odd relationship with religion
Norway, which has a national Church but no longer has a national religion, is one of those countries where religion is literally supported by taxpayers; the more members you have, the more money your preferred religious (or Humanist) organization receives. Any “religious” group with 50 registered members is allowed to apply for state subsidies, and 736 groups received that kind of funding in 2022.
The law is very open regarding the kinds of religious or non-religious groups that can receive that money. However there are some lines in the sand:
If a religious or philosophical community, or individuals acting on behalf of the community, commits violence or coercion, makes threats, violates children’s rights, violates statutory discrimination prohibitions or in other ways seriously violates the rights and freedoms of others, society may be denied grants or grants may be suspended. Grants may also be refused or reduced if society encourages or provides support for violations mentioned in this section.
Religious or philosophical communities that accept grants from states that do not respect the right to freedom of religion or belief may be denied grants.
That makes sense. A group that endorses violence shouldn’t get taxpayer money, nor should any group hurting children or violating human rights. Sure, there are atheists who might argue that any form of religious indoctrination is child abuse, but these rules are theoretically limited to things that are irrefutable and not up for debate.
More specifically, groups that receive these subsidies can’t force people to remain members. They can’t ban interactions with non-members. They can’t make children pledge a lifelong commitment to them. While practicing faith is fine, cult-like behavior is not tolerated.
If groups cross those boundaries, then they might lose that government funding.
The Jehovah’s Witnesses in Norway
According to the Norwegian government’s Ministry of Children and Family Affairs, in 2021, there were 12,686 registered Jehovah’s Witnesses in the country. That number meant taxpayers were on the hook to give the Witnesses more than NOK 16 million (roughly $1,778,793 in U.S. dollars at the time) in support. About $140 per member.
In 2021, the government also said it would begin looking into the Witnesses after two former members and a separate (anonymous) whistleblower sent letters explaining that the Witnesses were in violation of the rules. It’s not that the JW beliefs were secrets but rather that government officials needed to act deliberately and get their paperwork in order before they could take any kind of action. Those letters got the ball rolling.
Some of those claims were open to debate. For example, the Witnesses say members can’t get involved in politics, which is why JWs never vote in elections. One former member argued that since voting in an election could lead to expulsion by the Witnesses—which meant members couldn’t interact with you—the No Voting rule qualified as a violation of the law. The Witnesses responded by saying they had every right to set their own policies, and if someone wanted to vote, they were freely deciding to leave the fold. There was nothing coercive about it.
But there were other concerns that the government took very seriously.
The concerns about the Jehovah’s Witnesses
In a written statement from the state administrator in Oslo and Viken, there were two Jehovah’s Witness beliefs that were particularly egregious as far as the law went:
The Witnesses engage in the practice of Disfellowshipping. That means former JWs who leave the religion are effectively excommunicated and members are told not to have any interactions with them. (The idea here is that the former members will get so lonely or depressed that they’ll eventually come crawling back. There’s no shortage of families that have been torn apart because of this.)
The state administrator wrote that Norwegian law requires all religions that receive government subsidies to practice a “right to free withdrawal.” If there’s a serious obstacle to leaving a religion, that’s arguably a violation. Disfellowshipping, the administrator wrote, “can cause members to feel pressured to remain in the faith community.”A similar policy applied to children. If a child in a JW family “makes it a habit to break the moral standards of the Bible and does not repent,” the Witnesses teach, they are also to be treated as pariahs. That means a young teenager (baptized or not) who quits the religion is subject to exclusion from religious members.
While their immediate families don’t have to kick them out of the house, the state administrator said the Witnesses believe that rebellious child can no longer “have contact with other close family (including grandparents, aunts, uncles and cousins) or friends.” That puts pressure on the child to remain in the fold—a violation of their own rights under the law. (”We consider social isolation as a form of punishment against the child.”)
Because of those two “systematic and intentional” offenses, neither of which could be denied by the Witnesses themselves, the state administrator concluded that the Witnesses were not deserving of the subsidies. They were still allowed to practice their faith; they just wouldn’t get any taxpayer money for it.
They Jehovah’ed themselves out of nearly $2 million.
The Witnesses said at the time that they planned to appeal the decision:
Fabian Fond at the branch office of Jehovah’s Witnesses in Scandinavia, writes in an e-mail to NRK that they are disappointed:
“The decision will be appealed. The appeal process will give us an opportunity to clearly explain why our faith and religious practices fully respect the rights and freedoms of others.”
Fond further writes that no one is forced or pressured to become, or continue to be, one of Jehovah’s Witnesses:
“It is worth noting that trials in several lands have confirmed the right of Jehovah’s Witnesses to exclude persons who choose not to live by the moral standards of the Bible. As a registered religious community in Norway, Jehovah’s Witnesses have been eligible to receive government grants for more than 30 years. “
The appeal went nowhere because the JWs had no actual counterpoint. The Witnesses still maintained the right to exclude non-members. What they didn’t have is a right to be rewarded for it. For a group of people who want nothing to do with the government, they were incredibly upset over not receiving a government handout.
The decision wasn’t unfair, though. The Catholic Church (just to name one example) has its share of problems, too, but if you quit the Church, there’s no formal policy in place designed to make you suffer for it. You might have arguments with family members, and you might struggle with the loss of a community with shared beliefs (at least for a while), but the Church itself doesn’t go out of its way to make your life worse. Jehovah’s Witnesses do.
If nothing else, the move by the Norwegian government would hopefully spur other religious groups to take a fresh look at their own policies. If they wanted access to taxpayer money, they needed to play by the rules.
Further sanctions against the Jehovah’s Witnesses
At the end of 2022, the temporary sanctions against the Jehovah’s Witnesses were made permanent. The state administrator in Oslo and Viken revoked the group’s official “religious community” status, depriving them of those taxpayer funds and the ability to bless marriages that are accepted by the government. It was a far more serious sanction than the Witnesses received a year earlier.
... In our opinion, the religious community violates the members’ right to freedom of expression. We believe this violates the members’ right to freedom of religion. We also believe that they violate children’s rights by allowing them to exclude baptized minors, and by encouraging members to socially isolate children who do not follow the religious community’s rules.
... We have come to the conclusion that Jehovah’s Witnesses violate the members’ right to free expression of religious communities and that they violate children’s rights. On this background, we have come to the conclusion that the society cannot be registered under the Religious Societies Act. We believe that this corresponds to the provisions of the Religious Communities Act.
In a more formal response, the official explained how the government had taken several steps to give the Witnesses a chance to remedy this problem, but there was never any indication the Witnesses were going to change their policies:
The fact that a religious community violates its members’ right to freedom of expression and thus violates the right to freedom of religion is considered particularly serious. The same applies to the negative social control of children, which violates children’s human rights protection under the Convention on the Rights of the Child.
However, as the preparations for the religious community regulations indicate, the State Administrator must, even in the case of serious violations, check whether the community has taken measures to prevent the violations from continuing.
As mentioned in the letter of December 14, 2022, Jehovah’s Witnesses state that practice will not be changed. The organization will therefore not take measures to prevent the conditions that led to refusal.
This means that the conditions are persistent. After the above preparatory work, particularly serious or persistent conditions shall lead to loss of registration.
On this background, we have assessed that the conditions for withdrawing the registration of Jehovah’s Witnesses as a registered religious community have been met...
There was still an opportunity to appeal the decision, but again, it wasn’t clear on what grounds the Jehovah’s Witnesses had a case. These really are their beliefs. These really are their policies. Unless they were willing to change the rules of their faith, an appeal wouldn’t go anywhere.
Ever since that threat was first issued, conservatives in the country made all kinds of slippery slope arguments, suggesting the government was just going after religions they didn’t like—as if the JW funding decision would lead to future funding bans on religious groups that opposed issues like LGBTQ+ rights. Government officials quickly rejected that stance and reiterated that the beliefs themselves were irrelevant; it was the undeniable actions of the Witnesses that mattered and that’s why they weren’t going to receive the subsidies. It’s not like Catholics or evangelicals were being targeted here.
That didn’t stop the JW Governing Body from acting like this move was unconstitutional in an update from December of 2022.
The Jehovah’s Witnesses sued to prevent the punishment from going into effect
In December of 2022, the Jehovah’s Witnesses of Norway sued over the denial of state grants and challenged their loss of their “religious community” status. Even though they were temporarily granted an injunction (preventing the punishments from going into effect), the courts removed it months later. So the lawsuits, now combined into one, continued. And a trial took place in January of 2024.
And then came the bombshell. The Oslo District Court announced that the state did nothing wrong in punishing the Witnesses. The decision to not give the JWs taxpayer funding in 2022 and 2023 was upheld, as was the request to give the Witnesses the NOK 35 million ($3.3 million USD) they had missed out on. (You can read a summary of the verdict in this thread from Jan Frode Nilsen.)
The religious organization was also required to pay the state’s legal bills amounting to around NOK 1.1 million (just over $100,000 USD).
As one (loosely translated) article explained:
The court concludes that “the conditions are met for denying Jehovah’s Witnesses state subsidies and registration under the Religious Communities Act, and that the decisions are valid”.
Furthermore, the court considers that Jehovah’s Witnesses “through the guidelines and practice of exclusion, encourage Jehovah’s Witnesses to shun members who are ostracized or withdraw, so that with few exceptions they are exposed to social isolation from those remaining in the religious community”.
The Witnesses eventually appealed that decision, and in March of 2025, the Borgarting Court of Appeal unanimously overturned the decision. The panel of judges effectively said that shunning someone didn’t amount to a violation of his or her rights, and removing disobedient children from the congregation didn’t “constitute psychological violence.”
It was a disappointing decision that also required the state to pay the Witnesses roughly NOK 8.5 million (just over $800,000 USD) in legal fees.
What Norway’s Supreme Court said
The Norwegian government decided to appeal that decision to the Supreme Court, and that’s the decision that has now come down. (You can read an English translation here.) It was a 3-2 ruling upholding the earlier verdict.
The Witnesses have won the case. They will continue to receive state subsidies. They will be allowed to perform legal marriages. And the shunning will continue without serious consequences.
As one summary put it:
The majority of three judges found that the practice of exclusion does not constitute undue pressure against members in violation of Article 9 of the ECHR [European Court of Human Rights]. Among other things, emphasis was placed on the fact that the practice is rooted in the teachings of the religious community, is known to the members when they join and does not involve direct pressure, coercion or threats. The practice of exclusion does not apply to family members in the same household. Family ties are not broken for family members outside the household. The majority subsequently found that the conditions for refusing state subsidies and registration under Section 6 of the Religious Communities Act were not met. The decisions to refuse subsidies and de-registration could therefore not be upheld.
The majority’s ruling has a number of questionable statements, like when they say children are “aware of the consequences of leaving or being expelled from Jehovah’s Witnesses.” Are they, though?! And just because they may not be kicked out of their own house doesn’t make the shunning any less cruel.
The majority also said that an adult who’s disfellowshipped isn’t really suffering because they’ll still be a member of broader society. But how is that any consolation when the people you’re closest to want nothing to do with you? The psychological torture associated with being kicked out of a religion with these harsh rules is intense.
They also claim that disfellowshipping “does not apply to family members living in the same household”… but that’s not my understanding of what happens to adults who leave the religion. Many of them are indeed kicked out of their homes.
What about the question of whether shunning the unbelievers goes too far? The majority didn’t buy it because, they say, members already know what they’re signing up for:
Disfellowshipping does not apply to family members living in the same household, and family ties are not severed. Although the practice entails indirect pressure against leaving, members are not subjected to direct pressure, such as threats of sanctions, in connection with leaving. Furthermore, the shunning practice is rooted in the doctrine itself, which is known to those who join Jehovah’s Witnesses.
It’s hard to believe any of that. For people who grow up in the religion and don’t consciously make a choice of joining it from the outside, you begin to believe you’re trapped inside with no opportunity to break free. Just because there are no formal sanctions against you doesn’t make the shunning any less cruel.
The judges also awarded the Witnesses an additional 2,165,461 NOK ($232,933 USD) in legal fees on top of the earlier ones. (It’s not clear if the state will have to reimburse the Witnesses for years’ worth of subsidies they didn’t receive.)
A spokesperson for the Witnesses celebrated the decision and claimed that it confirmed the reputation of the JWs as people who are “loving, caring and law-abiding citizens.” Which is easy to say when you ignore the horrific details of what they actually do.
Honestly, if the Witnesses are allowed to receive government subsidies, you have to wonder what it takes for Norway to reject any group that meets its bare-bones criteria. How much worse do things have to get before they can refuse to subsidize a group?
If there’s anything position to take from this, perhaps it’s that more people will now be aware of one of the most pernicious rules of the religion. The Jehovah’s Witnesses, like so many smaller religious groups, thrive on people not knowing how they actually operate. Exposure to those beliefs—especially the shunning and all the mental anguish it causes—doesn’t help their side one bit.
And people in Norway can take solace in the fact that their government was on the side of justice and decency even if the Supreme Court’s majority was not. (As an American, I can only dream.)
The subsidies have unintended consequences
On a completely different note, all this discussion about Norwegian religious subsidies has led to some fascinating (and unintentional) effects, mostly because citizens are now wise to the fact that they don’t need to prop up churches for which they hold no special allegiance. (They still have to pay a church tax, so to speak—which is a very different kind of problem altogether—but less money given to certain institutions means more money for the remaining ones.)
For example, in 2016, the nation’s evangelical Lutheran Church launched a website to make it easier to track members and enroll new ones... but that plan backfired after thousands of people used the website to opt out of Church membership altogether, depriving the Church of that government funding. (Considering that roughly 75% of the country were officially members, though, the exodus wasn’t all that shocking. They realistically could only go lower.)
There was also a mini-scandal in 2015 when the Catholic Church owed the Norwegian government more than $5 million for “fraudulently registering thousands of people on its membership lists” precisely because they got taxpayer money for that act of manipulation.
Those weren’t just symbolic acts. The reason so many people actively went through the motions of getting off those membership rolls was because they didn’t want the government giving those institutions money in their name. There are plenty of people there (as in the United States) who just keep a Catholic or Lutheran label because their families raised them in those traditions or they simply don’t care enough to go through the formal process of changing it. But those subsidies have pushed some Norwegians to formally declare themselves not Catholic or not Lutheran. It just shows you how many religious institutions in Norway have financially benefitted from the apathy of many of their own lapsed members.
So even if the Jehovah’s Witnesses will now get to receive those federal benefits again, it’s never too late for former members of that religion—or other religions—to rip the bandage off for good.
(Large portions of this article were published earlier)
A better thing to ask is why does Norway fund religious organizations at all?
Not one krone should be given to any religion of any kind. Let them fund themselves.